Surveying

Surveying is the important subject of the Civil Engineering. The knowledge of surveying is very important for any civil engineering projects. It is the first step of any civil engineering project.

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Surveying

Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth, above of the surface or below of the surface of the earth by taking linear or angular measurement.
●Measurements may be Horizontal or Vertical.
●Points may be natural or artificial.
●The parts of surveying which is deals measurement in vertical plane is known as leveling.
●Surveying can also defined as the art of establishing new points with the help of predetermine points by taking linear or angular measurement on the surface of the earth.

》 Types or classification of surveying.

■ Primary classification

■ Secondary classification

■ Primary classification

□ Plane surveying

□ Geodetic surveying

■ Secondary classification

□ Based on instrument

1. Chain surveying
2. Compass surveying
3. Plane table surveying
4. Theodoliti surveying
5. Tacheometric surveying
6. Photographic surveying

□ Based on method

1. Triangulation surveying
2. Traverse surveying

□ Based on object

1. Geological surveying
2. Archeological surveying
3. Mine surveying
4. Military surveying

□ Based on place of work

1. Land surveying☆
2. Marine surveying
3. Astronomical surveying
4. Aerial surveying

☆ Land surveying
1. Topographical surveying
2. Codastral surveying
3. City surveying
4. Engineering surveying☆

☆ Engineering surveying
1. Reconnaissance surveying
2. Preliminary surveying
3. Location surveying

Primary classification:-

1. Plane Surveying

In the plane surveying the curvature of earth is  not considered.
The survey where the effect of curvature of earth in neglected, assuming surface of the earth to be plane is called plane surveying.
Plane surveying is extended over small area, so the surface of earth is considered as plane.
Generally area less than 250 kilometre squre are treated as plane.

2. Geodetic Surveying

In the Geodetic survey the curvature of earth is taken into consideration.
Geodetic surveying is also known as trigonometrical surveying.
Geodetic survey is extended over large area( more than 250 kilometre square)
Geodetic survey is use where the degree of accuracy require is great.
In geodetic surveying line joining any two points considered as a curved line and angle as spherical angle.

Secondary classification:-

1. Based on instrument

(a) Chain surveying

When the survey of a land area is carried out by chain only by linear measurement then it is called chain serving.
In Chain surveying only linear measurements are made, no angular measurements are made.
In Chain surveying the length of Survey lines is measured and no angle is measured is done between them. And area is to be covered with a network of triangles. In Chain survey area to be surveyed is divided into number of triangle and triangle should be well conditioned.
Chain survey is suitable for fairly level ground and suitable for small area.

(b) Compass surveying 

When the position of an object is located using Angular measurement determined by the compass and also using a Chain or tape(linear measurement).
It is a method of Surveying in which the direction of the survey lines is determined by use of a compass(angular measurement) and also by using tape or chain(linear measurement).
The compass surveying procedure is done through traversing.
When the area is large, undulated and crowded with many detail and triangulation is not possible then we use compass surveying.

(c) Plane Table surveying

It is the graphical method of Survey in with the field observations and plotting are done simultaneously.
The plane table surveying is one of the fastest and easiest methods of serving. Plotting of plans and field observations can be done at the same time in plane table surveying.
It is best fitted for small scale serving. It is also used in surveying industrial area where compass survey fails to preform.

(d) Theodolite surveying 

It is the types of serving where the angles are measured with the help of theodolite. Theodolite mostly used for the measurement of hotizental and angular measurement(accurate measurement).

(e) Photographic Surveying 

It is the type of Surveying in which plans or maps are prepared from photographic taken at suitable camera station.
Photographic:- It is the science of making measurement from photographs.

(f) Tacheometric surveying

Tacheometric serving is a method of angular serving in witch the horizontal distance from the instrument to the staff stations are determined from instrument observation only.
Tacheometric serving is done with the help of tacheometer and stadia rod.